ABSTRACT
Resumo Diferentes análises sobre a participação política de evangélicas(os) pentecostais no Brasil nos últimos anos têm chamado a atenção para transformações causadas pelos usos de mídias digitais por estes grupos. Em busca de ampliar este debate a partir de elementos que compõem usos cotidianos de grupos de oração no WhatsApp, o objetivo deste artigo é compreender como as disputas engajadas por mulheres pentecostais têm ressignificado suas carreiras pastorais e formado novas coletividades evangélicas. Com a emergência de outros modos de viver as intimidades propiciadas por dispositivos móveis, reflito sobre relações religiosas estabelecidas através de imagens e sons em grupos de WhatsApp, além dos impactos digitais nas dinâmicas de autoridade religiosa feminina e sua expansão transnacional.
Resumen Diferentes análisis sobre la participación política de los evangélicos pentecostales en Brasil en los últimos años han llamado la atención sobre las transformaciones provocadas por el uso de medios digitales por parte de estos grupos. Buscando ampliar este debate a partir de elementos que componen el uso cotidiano de los grupos de oración en WhatsApp, busqué comprender cómo las disputas libradas por las mujeres pentecostales han resignificado sus carreras pastorales y conformado nuevas colectividades evangélicas. Con el surgimiento de otras formas de experimentar las intimidades que brindan los dispositivos móviles, reflexiono sobre las relaciones religiosas que se establecen a través de imágenes y sonidos en los grupos de WhatsApp, además del impacto digital en la dinámica de la autoridad religiosa femenina y su expansión transnacional.
Abstract Recent literature on the political participation of Pentecostal evangelicals in Brazil has drawn attention to the transformations caused by their use of digital media. To broaden this debate, in this article I describe the everyday use of the WhatsApp instant messaging program by prayer groups, shedding light on how disputes engaged by Pentecostal women have re-signified their pastoral careers and formed new evangelical collectivities. With the emergence of other ways of experiencing the intimacy provided by mobile devices, I reflect on religious connections established across images and sounds in WhatsApp groups, in addition to the digital impact on the dynamics of female religious authority and its transnational expansion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Women/education , Social Media/trends , Religious Personnel , Lobbying , Politics , Religion , Religion/history , Brazil , Social Networking , Gender RoleABSTRACT
Objetivo: compreender como enfermeiras percebem a vivência de uma gravidez e os primeiros meses após o nascimento de um filho durante o mestrado/doutorado. Método: estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo, desenvolvido com nove pós-graduandas em enfermagem de uma universidade pública do estado do Paraná. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2022, a partir de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas que foram audiogravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática proposta por Bardin. Resultados: emergiram três categorias temáticas: 1) Enfrentando desafios: conciliar tarefas é uma necessidade; 2) Rede de apoio como facilitadora na conciliação da maternidade com os estudos e; 3) Aumento do tempo de licença-maternidade, flexibilização e apoio interno para inclusão de mulheres mães na ciência. Conclusão: as vivências da maternidade vivenciadas por mulheres na pós-graduação foram pautadas na sobrecarga das mães pesquisadoras, repercutindo em atrasos no cumprimento de prazos, dificuldade em manter a amamentação e preocupação com a saúde dos filhos, refletindo em escolhas e renúncias da maternidade nesta etapa da vida.
Objective: to understand how nurses perceive the experience of pregnancy and the first months after the birth of a child during their master's/doctoral studies. Method: qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, developed with nine graduate students in nursing at a public university in the state of Paraná. Data collection was carried out in August and September 2022, based on semi-structured individual interviews that were audio-recorded, transcribed and submitted to content analysis, the thematic modality proposed by Bardin. Results: three thematic categories emerged: 1) Facing challenges: reconciling tasks is a necessity; 2) Support network as a facilitator in reconciling motherhood with studies and; 3) Increased maternity leave, flexibility and internal support for the inclusion of women mothers in science. Conclusion: the experiences of motherhood experienced by women in graduate school were based on the overload of research mothers, resulting in delays in meeting deadlines, difficulty in maintaining breastfeeding and concern for the health of their children, reflecting on choices and waivers of motherhood in this life stage.
Objetivo: comprender cómo las enfermeras perciben la experiencia del embarazo y los primeros meses después del nacimiento de un hijo durante sus estudios de maestría/doctorado. Método: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo, desarrollado con nueve estudiantes de postgrado en enfermería de una universidad pública del estado de Paraná. La recolección de datos se realizó en agosto y septiembre de 2022, a partir de entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas que fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y sometidas a análisis de contenido, modalidad temática propuesta por Bardin. Resultados: emergieron tres categorías temáticas: 1) Enfrentar desafíos: conciliar tareas es una necesidad; 2) Red de apoyo como facilitadora en la conciliación de la maternidad con los estudios y; 3) Aumento de la licencia de maternidad, flexibilidad y apoyo interno para la inclusión de mujeres madres en la ciencia. Conclusión: las experiencias de maternidad vividas por las mujeres en el posgrado se basaron en la sobrecarga de las madres investigadoras, resultando en retrasos en el cumplimiento de los plazos, dificultad para mantener la lactancia materna y preocupación por la salud de sus hijos, reflexionando sobre las opciones y renuncias de la maternidad en esta etapa de la vida.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Universities , Women/education , Pregnancy/psychology , Education, Nursing, Graduate , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Students/statistics & numerical data , Unified Health System , Breast Feeding/psychology , Child Care/psychology , Parenting/psychology , Parental Leave , Mothers/education , NursesABSTRACT
O pré-natal odontológico vem sendo alvo de ações estratégicas na atenção básica. É necessária a compressão que a mulher em período gestacional necessita de cuidados bucais, por esse fato o pré-natal necessita de reforços para o estabelecimento efetivo na atenção básica de forma a ser desmistificado na odontologia, e possibilitar que o cirurgião-dentista possa ser integrado com as ações voltadas para a saúde gestacional. Diante disso objetiva-se relatar sobre o pré-natal odontológico, e abordar sobre a contribuição da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) nesse contexto, atuação multidisciplinar, e importância da educação e capacitação para desmistificação do atendimento a gestantes. Para isso foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados eletrônicas Scielo, portal BVS e Google Acadêmico. É visto ainda há baixa adesão das gestantes ao atendimento odontológico, embora haja uma notória representação da ESF na universalização desse cuidado. A equipe multidisciplinar no atendimento de gestantes parece colaborar para a motivação do atendimento, e fundamentar ações estratégicas interdisciplinares. Ainda é importante ressaltar que o conhecimento sobre os aspectos norteadores da gestação tem papel fundamental para desmistificar o atendimento odontológico e preparar os profissionais. Infere-se que o pré-natal odontológico vem ganhando expressividade, onde as ações da ESF, a atuação da equipe multidisciplinar e a ampliação do conhecimento acerca do assunto podem influenciar positivamente para a adesão desse grupo.
Dental prenatal care has been the target of strategic actions in primary care. It is necessary the compression that women in gestational period need oral care, for this reason prenatal care requires reinforcements for the effective establishment in primary care in order to be demystified in dentistry, and enable the dentist to be integrated with actions aimed at gestational health. Therefore, the objective is to report on dental prenatal care, and to address the contribution of the Family Strategy Health (ESF) in this context, multidisciplinary work, and the importance of education and training to demystify the care for pregnant women. For this, a bibliographic survey was carried out in the electronic databases Scielo, BVS portal and Google Scholar. It is seen that there is still low adherence of pregnant women to dental care, although there is a notorious representation of the ESF in the universalization of this care. A multidisciplinary team in the care of pregnant women seems to collaborate to motivate care, and to fundamentalize interdisciplinary strategic actions. It is also important to emphasize that knowledge about the guiding aspects of pregnancy has a fundamental role to demystify dental care and prepare professionals. It is inferred that prenatal in the dentistry has been gaining expressiveness, where the actions of the ESF, the performance of the multidisciplinary team and the expansion of knowledge on the subject can lead positively to the adhesion of this group.
La atención prenatal dental ha sido objeto de acciones estratégicas en la atención primaria. Es necesario que la mujer en el período de gestación necesite cuidados bucales, por lo que el prenatal necesita refuerzos para el establecimiento efectivo de la atención básica de forma que sea desmitificado en la odontología, y que la cirugía-dentista pueda integrarse con las acciones volcadas a la salud gestacional. Por ello, el objetivo es informar sobre la atención prenatal odontológica y abordar la contribución de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF) en este contexto, la actuación multidisciplinar y la importancia de la educación y la formación para desmitificar la atención a las embarazadas. Para ello, se realizó un estudio bibliográfico en las bases de datos electrónicas Scielo, portal BVS y Google Acadêmico. Aún así, se observa una baja adhesión de las gestantes a la atención odontológica, aunque hay una notable representación del FSE en la universalización de este cuidado. El equipo multidisciplinar en la atención a la mujer embarazada parece colaborar a la motivación de los cuidados, y basar las acciones estratégicas interdisciplinares. También es importante destacar que el conocimiento de los aspectos orientativos del embarazo desempeña un papel fundamental en la desmitificación de la atención odontológica y la preparación de los profesionales. Se infiere que el prenatal odontológico viene ganando expresividad, donde las acciones de la ESF, la actuación del equipo multidisciplinario y la ampliación del conocimiento sobre el tema pueden influir positivamente en la adherencia de este grupo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care , National Health Strategies , Pregnant Women/education , Dentists/education , Primary Health Care , Women/education , Oral Health/education , Women's Health , Dental Care , Comprehensive Health Care , Knowledge , Dentistry , Libraries, DigitalABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Describir los conocimientos que tienen los estudiantes entre los 12 y 17 años frente al acoso escolar, en una institución educativa de la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar (Colombia)en el segundo semestre del 2020. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo con enfoque descriptivo exploratorio, con el fin de comprender experiencias y percepciones de la niñez y adolescencia con respecto al acoso escolar. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta con 134 niños entre los 12 y 17 años y un grupo focal de 12 participantes de distintas edades, pertenecientes a la institución educativa. El análisis y la sistematización de la información y la codificación se realizó utilizando el software Nvivo V.12. RESULTADOS: luego del análisis cualitativo emergieron cuatro categorías: definiciones de acoso escolar, porqué se realiza el Acoso Escolar, reacciones frente al acoso escolar y lugares donde se realiza el acoso escolar. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de reconocer a través de las categorías cómo se realiza el Acoso Escolar, dónde se realiza y sus principales efectos, se evidenció como la definición de acoso en este estudio al igual que en la literatura no es única, el aspecto común es que es una forma de agresión. Se sigue reconociendo como primera causa del acoso escolar el manejo del poder justificándose desde razones económicas, aspecto físico, el género y su desarrollo durante el colegio. Desde Enfermería es importante liderar programas para la promoción de convivencia en paz, prevención de la aparición de este fenómeno y su reconocimiento temprano, con el fin de disminuir consecuencias graves y aportar a nuestra sociedad en búsqueda de reconciliación que se reflejará en una convivencia pacífica en las aulas; aspecto que se reflejará en futuros ciudadanos respetuosos de las diferencias y tolerantes en búsqueda de un país mejor.
OBJECTIVE: Describe the knowledge that students between 12 and 17 years of age have against bullying, in an educational institution in the town of Ciudad Bolívar (Colombia) in the second semester of 2020. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A qualitative study was developed with descriptive exploratory approach, in order to understand experiences and perceptions of childhood and adolescence regarding bullying. A survey was carried out with 134 children between 12 and 17 years old and a focus group of 12 participants of different ages, belonging to the educational institution. The analysis and systematization of the information and coding was carried out using the Nvivo V.12 software. RESULTS: after the qualitative analysis, four categories emerged: definitions of bullying, why bullying is carried out, reactions to bullying and places where bullying is carried out. CONCLUSIONS: Despite recognizing through the categories how bullying is carried out, where it is carried out and its main effects, it was evidenced that the definition of bullying in this study as in the literature is not unique, the common aspect is which is a form of aggression. The handling of power is still recognized as the main cause of bullying, justified from economic reasons, physical appearance, gender and its development during school. From Nursing it is important to lead programs for the promotion of peaceful coexistence, prevention of the appearance of this phenomenon and its early recognition, in order to reduce serious consequences and contribute to our society in search of reconciliation that will be reflected in a peaceful coexistence in the classrooms; an aspect that will be reflected in future citizens who are respectful of differences and tolerant in search of a better country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Students/psychology , Women/education , Child , Adolescent , Bullying/psychology , School Nursing , Power, Psychological , Colombia , Knowledge , AggressionABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamentada nos estudos culturais e de gênero, esta pesquisa analisa a representatividade de mulheres em cargos de treinadora e auxiliar no futebol de mulheres, buscando identificar as estratégias de subversão e resistência adotadas para sua inserção e permanência. Os materiais de análise foram os discursos das participantes aliados a fontes documentais, como notícias e produções acadêmicas. A análise evidencia que as profissionais conquistaram o acesso aos cargos em decorrência das experiências como líderes enquanto atletas e/ou estagiárias e por seus altos níveis de capacitação. Elas asseguram sua permanência ao atestarem diariamente sua competência, mantendo o nível de capacitação e superando estereótipos de gênero. Elas personificam a eminente resistência oferecida pelas mulheres em espaços tradicionalmente reservados aos homens, tensionando as relações de poder. Contudo, a consolidação de uma condição equânime requer investimento financeiro e, sobretudo, empenho na desconstrução de estereótipos de gênero.
Abstract Based on cultural and gender studies, this research analyzes women's representativeness as coaches and assistant coaches in women's football, seeking to identify the subversion and resistance strategies adopted for their inclusion and permanence. The analysis focused on participants' speeches and document sources such as news articles and academic works. It shows how professionals gained access to the roles resulting from their leadership experiences as athletes and/or interns and for their high capacity. They ensure their permanence by attesting their competence on a daily basis, maintaining their level of ability and overcoming gender stereotypes. They personify the eminent resistance offered by women in spaces traditionally reserved for men, thus tensioning power relations. However, the consolidation of equal conditions requires financial investment and, above all, a commitment to deconstructing gender stereotypes.
Resumen Fundamentada en los estudios culturales y de género, esta investigación analiza la representatividad de mujeres en cargos de entrenadora y auxiliar en el fútbol femenino, buscando identificar las estrategias de subversión y resistencia adoptadas para lograr su inserción y permanencia. Los materiales de análisis fueron los discursos de las participantes, aliados a fuentes documentales, como noticias y producciones académicas. El análisis muestra que las profesionales conquistaron su acceso a los cargos debido a sus experiencias de liderazgo como atletas y por sus altos niveles de capacitación. Aseguran su permanencia probando diariamente su competencia y superando los estereotipos de género. Encarnan la resistencia ofrecida por las mujeres en espacios tradicionalmente reservados a los hombres, tensando las relaciones de poder. Sin embargo, la consolidación de una condición de ecuanimidad requiere inversión financiera y, sobre todo, un compromiso con la deconstrucción de los estereotipos de género.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Soccer/education , Women/education , Power, Psychological , Gender Stereotyping , Leadership , BrazilSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Women/education , Family , Women's Health/history , Parenting , National Health Strategies , Reproductive Rights/education , Violence Against Women , Gender Identity , Primary Health Care , Women/psychology , World Health Organization , Women's Health/ethnology , Women's Health/ethics , Europe , Healthy Lifestyle/ethics , Gender-Inclusive Policies , Latin America , Life StyleABSTRACT
Physical activity regularly is one of the important aspects of healthy life-style, which has an essential role in reducing the burden of disease and death. Diabetes is a typical general health problem. The aim of this study to determine the effect of education based on social cognitive theory on promoting physical activity among women with diabetes II in Iran. In this randomized control study, 82 diabetic females were randomly selected then were assigned into two groups: intervention [n=41] and control [n=41]. Educational intervention was planned then performed during 7 sessions of 60-min in accordance with social-cognitive theory [SCT]. The participants were asked to fill in the questionnaires in educational evaluation before and immediately after intervention and the follow up [10 weeks later]. The data were analyzed through Repeated Measures ANOVA, Friedman, independence t and Mann-Whitney tests. The mean age among the participants was 48.37 +/- 5.67 yr also the body mass index was 28.69 +/- 3.95. In the intervention group, light physical activity and sedentary behavior reduced from 56.1% [23 individuals] to 14.6% [6 individuals] in the following up stage. There was significant improvement across time in the mean of minute's physical activity [P=0.042]. There were significant differences in the mean's constructs of the Social-cognitive theory [SCT] [P<0.05]. Design and execution of training program based on social cognitive theory can lead to promote physical activity among women with diabetes II through changes in the theoretical constructs
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Motor Activity , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Healthy People Programs , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology , Women/education , Psychological Theory , Cognition , Health PromotionABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the impact of education using the Health Belief Model on preventing osteoporosis among female students. This interventional study [quasi-experimental] was performed on 45 female students aged 15-16 years old who resided in a town near Tehran. The females participated in a three-week educational programme based on the Health Belief Model. The data collection instrument was a validated and reliable questionnaire in five sections: demographics, knowledge, Health Belief Model constructs, physical activity and consumption of foods containing calcium. The mean scores of students knowledge were significantly different before and after the educational intervention [P < 0.05].The mean scores of some Health Belief Model structures changed significantly after the intervention [P < 0.05]. Also post-intervention, physical activity increased [P = 0.041] but calcium intake did not. The use of an educational intervention on osteoporosis seems to improve knowledge and health beliefs and may positively impact physical activity-related behaviour
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Osteoporosis/prevention & control , Models, Educational , Educational Measurement , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Surveys and Questionnaires , Students , School Health Services , Women/educationABSTRACT
Se exploraron las creencias, actitudes y prácticas de crianza relacionadas con la sexualidad de niños, niñas y adolescentes hijos de mujeres prostitutas del centro de Bogotá. Se establecieron los principales procesos determinantes de la crianza. Es una investigación analítica interpretativa que usó entrevistas a profundidad y un grupo focal. Participaron 10 mujeres, entre 28 y 56 años. Se contemplaron como puntos centrales de exploración la subjetividad de las madres, los retos del desarrollo sexual y los condicionantes sociales y culturales de la crianza. Las violencias estructural, simbólica y económica son las principales determinantes de la crianza. El abuso sexual y la posibilidad de gestación en sus hijas adolescentes son las preocupaciones más importantes. En general, las participantes comparten y reproducen los mismos valores tradicionales sobre el género y el ejercicio de la sexualidad, los cuales son transmitidos y modelados desde la crianza
Introduction: Child upbringing of women engaged in prostitution has been little explored. Methods: Child upbringing beliefs, attitudes and practices regarding sexuality in prostituteschildren and adolescents were explored downtown in Bogota. Analytical-interpretive research included in-depth interviews and a focus group. There were ten women between 28 and 56 years of age. Core issues were their subjectivity as mothers, sexual development challenges, upbringing social and cultural conditions. Results: Structural, symbolic and economic violence are the main determinants of parenting. Sexual abuse and the possibility of pregnancy in their adolescent daughters are the most important concerns. Conclusions: In general, the participants share the same values and reproduce traditional ideals in gender and sexuality, which are transmitted and modeled from upbringing
Subject(s)
Child , Child , Women/education , Psychosexual DevelopmentSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data , Women/education , Schools, MedicalABSTRACT
One Woman's journey through the Trials and Triumphs of Disability, Disabled Peoples International 8th World Assembly 2011 Durban, South Africa, October 1013, 2011. When embarking on my career as a teacher at a special school in South Africa, I never thought that a motor vehicle accident would place me in the position where my learners with disabilities suddenly saw me as an ally. Little did I realise the chasm that exists between able-bodied people and people with disabilities, or the remarkable role I would find myself in whilst actively addressing disability and Inclusive Education issues. My experiences with disability in South Africa drew encouraging attention from delegates at the Disabled People's International 8th World Assembly when I shared my story. The resounding positive response affirmed that my experiences are not unique to nationality, gender, race or age, and are typical of the time and country in which I live, where people with disabilities are considered to have little potential, and woman with disabilities are further marginalised. In the infancy of our democracy, we are still in the early days of attending to equity amongst all South Africans. This story comprises both a narrative and a graphic presentation which run parallel, although not always telling an identical story; they complement one another and should be experienced simultaneously. Ultimately, it relates the success that can be achieved by pro-active people with disabilities as members of the South African society within their own spheres of knowledge and skill to change attitudes and practices of people without disabilities in education and local communities
Subject(s)
Disabled Persons/history , Social Discrimination , South Africa , Women/educationABSTRACT
O estudo objetivou analisar a percepção de mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade social, sobre seus sonhos e as formas de enfrentamento das adversidades presentes em seu cotidiano, buscando perceber como a situação de pobreza, segundo as concepções de Amartya Sen, interferiam em sua atitude perante a vida. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado em agosto e setembro de 2007, no município de Paula Cândido-MG. Foram entrevistadas 110 mulheres (10 por cento) cadastradas no Programa Bolsa Família, selecionadas aleatoriamente. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário semiestruturado e analisados por meio da técnica de análise temática. Verificou-se que o desejo por uma "vida melhor" foi, em última instância, o maior sonho das mulheres entrevistadas, sendo o conjunto "educação-trabalho-dinheiro" o meio mais citado para se alcançar uma vida digna. Contudo, a baixa escolaridade, o trabalho precário e informal e a má remuneração constituíram obstáculos à realização de seus sonhos. Diante de tais adversidades, a atitude das entrevistadas variou desde o conformismo e desesperança até o autorreconhecimento de sua situação como sujeito no mundo, capaz de sonhar e acreditar na possibilidade de realização de suas aspirações, utilizando suas habilidades e recursos para lutar por uma "vida melhor". Ressalta-se que uma política de combate à pobreza - como o PBF - deve buscar a expansão das capacidades humanas, articulando-se com ações estruturais, a fim de atingir o objetivo último do referido programa: a emancipação sustentada das famílias beneficiadas e sua inclusão social.
The study aimed to analyze the perception of women in situations of social vulnerability, about their dreams and ways of coping with adversities in their daily lives, trying to see how poverty, according to the concepts of Amartya Sen, interfered in their attitude towards life. It is a qualitative study, conducted in August and September 2007 in Paula Candido, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We interviewed 110 women (10 percent) enrolled in the Programa Bolsa Família [Family Grant Program], randomly selected. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. It was found that the desire for a "better life" was ultimately, the greatest dream of the women interviewed, the set "education-work-money" the most cited way to achieve a dignified life. However, poor education, informal and precarious employment and poor pay are obstacles to achieving their dreams. Due to such adversity, the attitude of the interviewees ranged from resignation to self-awareness and hopelessness of their situation as a subject in the world, able to dream and believe in the possibility of realizing their aspirations, using their skills and resources to fight for a "better life". It is noteworthy that a policy to fight poverty - as the FGP - should seek the expansion of human capabilities, articulating with structural actions in order to achieve the ultimate goal of the program: the emancipation and social inclusion of the benefited families.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cultural Deprivation , Equity/policies , Women/education , Women/psychology , Poverty , Social Adjustment , Social Vulnerability , Brazil , Life Change Events , Qualitative Research , Social PerceptionABSTRACT
Este artigo procura realizar um exercício de comparação metodológica de dois estimadores dos modelos idade-período-coorte: o estimador convencional obtido pelos modelos lineares generalizados restritos (MLGR); e o estimador intrínseco (EI). O objeto de interesse são as contribuições dos efeitos de idade, período e coorte nas mudanças temporais na probabilidade de progressão (PPS) para a 5ª série do ensino fundamental das mulheres brasileiras. A modelagem IPC se justifica uma vez que os efeitos de idade, período e coorte podem impactar de forma significativa a probabilidade de progressão escolar: efeitos de idade refletem tanto a idade mínima de entrada no sistema de ensino como também o dilema entre trabalho e estudo que surge ao longo da carreira educacional; efeitos de período estão associados às diferentes conjunturas econômica e política, bem como ao estado das políticas educacionais; por fim, efeitos de coorte refletem características sociais peculiares a determinados grupos de indivíduos. Os dois instrumentais foram contrapostos em termos da eficiência, significância e estimativa dos parâmetros. Os resultados revelam a potencialidade da solução para o modelo IPC baseada no estimador intrínseco, o qual apresenta parâmetros com variância inferior aos estimados pelo modelo linear generalizado restrito. Desta forma, projeções das PPS baseadas na extrapolação do erro-padrão dos parâmetros obtidos pelo estimador intrínseco podem ser promissoras.
The aim of this article is to conduct a comparative methodological essay of two estimators of age-period-cohort models: the conventional estimator obtained by the generalized linear restricted models (MLGR) and the so-called intrinsic estimator (EI). The objects are contributions of age, period and cohort effects to temporal changes in the progression probability to the 5th grade of elementary school for Brazilian women. The APC modeling is justified because age, period and cohort effects may significantly affect the probability of grade progression: age effects reflect both the minimal age of school entry and the trade-off between study and work; period effects are associated with different economical and political conjunctures, as well as with current educational policies; finally, cohort effects reflect social attributes unique to a group. Both are juxtaposed in terms of the efficiency, significance and parameter estimates. The results reveal the potentiality of the solution to the age-period-cohort model based on intrinsic estimator, which presents parameters with smaller variance than those estimated from generalized linear restricted models. Therefore, projections of grade progression probabilities based on the extrapolation of standard errors of the intrinsic estimator can be promising.
El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un ejercicio de comparación metodológica de dos estimadores de los modelos edad-período-cohorte: el estimador convencional, obtenido por los modelos lineales generalizados restringidos (MLGR), y el estimador intrínseco (EI). El objeto de estudio es la contribución de los efectos de edad, período y cohorte en los cambios temporales dentro de la probabilidad de progresión (PPS) en el 5º curso de la Enseñanza Fundamental de las mujeres brasileñas. El modelo IPC se justifica, ya que los efectos de edad, período y cohorte pueden impactar de forma significativa en la probabilidad de progresión escolar: los efectos de edad se reflejan tanto en la edad mínima de entrada en el sistema de enseñanza, como también en el dilema entre trabajo y estudio que surge a lo largo de la carrera educacional; los efectos del período están asociados a las diferentes coyunturas económicas y políticas, así como al estado de las políticas educacionales; finalmente, los efectos de cohorte reflejan características sociales peculiares de determinados grupos de individuos. Los dos instrumentos fueron contrapuestos en términos de eficiencia, significancia y estimativa de los parámetros. Los resultados de este artículo revelan la potencialidad de una solución para el modelo de IPC basado en el estimador intrínseco, el cual presenta parámetros con variancia inferior a los estimados por el modelo lineal generalizado restringido. De esta forma, proyecciones de las PPS, basadas en la extrapolación del error-padrón de los parámetros obtenidos por el estimador intrínseco, pueden ser prometedoras.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Education, Primary and Secondary , Women/education , Probability , Brazil , Linear ModelsABSTRACT
Se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre la problemática de género en las prácticas de salud mental y de Terapia Ocupacional a partir de dos situaciones históricas que muestran, por un lado aspectos vinculados con la actuación de las mujeres en el ámbito público, y por otro destacan la implicancia de las relaciones de género en dichas actuaciones. El objetivo es analizar el impacto de las representaciones de género en el campo de la salud mental y su relación con las prácticas actuales de la Terapia Ocupacional. Se presentan los elementos constitutivos del concepto de género para identificar las lógicas asistenciales destinadas a dar respuesta a la problemática de salud mental, que reproducen el entramado de poder y dominación característico de las relaciones de género. Se propone incluir la perspectiva de género en las prácticas de la Terapia Ocupacional cada vez que se instrumenten intervenciones, estrategias o dispositivos en salud; teniendo presente que la tensión entre la práctica de la Terapia Ocupacional y los condicionamientos del sistema de género, está siempre en relación al proceso particular de subjetivación de cada uno de los sujetos con los que se interviene.
This work presents some reflections on the issue of gender in mental health and occupational therapy practices of two historical situations showing two different but related practices: on one hand aspects linked to the performance of women in the public domain and on the other hand, stand out the implication of gender relations in such action. This paper intent to analyze the impact of those representations of gender in the field of mental health and its relationship with the current practices of occupational therapy. It presents the constituent elements of the concept of gender to identify care logic aimed at responding to the issue of mental health, reproducing the structure of power and domination of gender relations. Intents to include gender mainstreaming in occupational therapy practices wherever instrument interventions, strategies, or devices in health, bearing in mind that the tension between the practice of occupational therapy and the gender system constraints, is always in relation with the particular process of subjectivation of each of the subjects with which intervenes.
Subject(s)
Gender and Health , Women/education , Professional Practice , Mental Health , Occupational Therapy , Women, Working/historyABSTRACT
La inserción femenina a la educación superior en México y en gran parte del mundo, sucede a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los últimos treinta años han sido testigos de un aumento de la presencia femenina en las universidades, fenómeno estudiado como la feminización de la matrícula. Presentamos una breve reflexión del tema, con el fin de analizar de qué forma estas nuevas condiciones en el acceso a la educación se reflejan en la inserción de las mujeres en el ámbito científico. Repasamos el tema de la recomposición matricular, la segregación por áreas de estudio, tanto de varones como de mujeres, la participación a nivel posgrado (especialidad, maestría y doctorado) e indagamos la proporción de mujeres en la ciencia. Mientras en la educación superior se habla de una proporción entre varones y mujeres de casi 50 a 50 y en algunas áreas se ha llegado a reportar mayor presencia femenina, en el ámbito de investigación científica las mujeres apenas representan 30%. Esto responde en gran medida a condiciones estructurales en las que aún prevalece la dificultad de las mujeres para acceder a territorios de mayor jerarquía que han sido preponderantemente masculinos.
The participation of women in higher education in Mexico took place in the late 19th and early 20th century. The rise of women's enrollment in universities known as the [quot ]feminization of enrollment[quot ] occurred in the last thirty years. In this review we analyze how the new conditions that facilitated better access to higher education are reflected in the inclusion of women in science. We include an overview of the issues associated with a change in the demographics of enrollment, segregation of academic areas between men and women and participation in post graduate degrees. We also review the proportion of women in science. While in higher education the ratio between male and women is almost 50-50 and in some areas the presence of women is even higher, in the field of scientific research women account for barely 30% of professionals. This is largely due to structural conditions that limit the access of women to higher positions of power that have been predominantly taken by men.